Childhood Trauma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 897 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Since the last TED talk assignment, I have watched several others in my spare time and have actually enjoyed them, but this one has hit close to home for me. In this discussion, Pediatrician Nadine Burke Harris explains that the repeated stress of abuse, neglect and parents struggling with mental health or substance abuse issues has real and life-long effects on the development of the brain. Childhood trauma is not something you just get over as you grow up. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Trauma" essay for you Create order It will continue to impact you for the rest of your lifetime, to the point where those who have experienced high levels of trauma are at triple the risk for heart disease and lung cancer. Most childhood trauma stems from family issues like domestic violence, abuse, neglect, divorce, mental or physical illness of a family member, even a death of a family member. We are first socialized in our family and conditioned from a young age by what we see, hear, and experience in our family. So, if we grow up in a place where are family is causing trauma at such a critical time in our development, what does that do to our mental state as well as our health state? In this TED talk, Dr. Burke made it so important for us to see first-hand on how trauma really does affect a persons health and how the trauma will follow them all throughout life. Using myself as an example, I came from a childhood where my parents divorced at a very important time in my life and my father would begin a toxic relationship. Later on, this would lead to verbal and mental abuse. At the time it felt as if I were alone and nobody would understand, but in 2013 alone, 679,000 U.S children were found to be victims of abuse at least once during that year (Textbook page 179). From my own understanding of this subject, trauma is why we are the way we are. It has all to do with the way we view ourselves, our responses to daily conflict and what limits we impose upon our self. Each day, my routine is dictated by these events that happened years ago. Every choice of good or bad, is even dictated by same. In my case, I was trained to believe that I am nothing and that I must limit and try to deny all basic needs. Now I understand why I spend most of my time, thought, and efforts to prove them all wrong. I understand why I am a workaholic, always deny help, and deny myself pleasures and much more. Listening to Dr. Burke talk about the effects of abuse really let me realize how still to this day that I have the same fears that I had when I was a child. This fear that is generated from different situations have really been an obstacle in my overall development. As for the health issues Im facing at the moment, they could be connected to the fact that I never got help or saw a psychiatrist for the trauma I faced. I now have suffered through IBS from the age of 13 and a generalized anxiety disorder from the age of 12. As I age, I will have a higher risk of developing more diseases such as diabetes, lung disease, malnutrition and vision problems (Textbook page 180). Dr. Burke spoke upon th e numerous harmful effects that trauma causes to childrens brains and how it will affect them later on into adulthood. Childhood trauma, just like other social problems, cannot be eradicated and neither can the causes of it, sadly. However, it surely can be lessened in degree and in prevalence. Family problems occur more frequently than people may think. We should first try to solve family problems because most of the time they are where the trauma comes from. Some people might say that family problems can stay inside the family, that they should be addressed within the family, but in my opinion thats not the case us. It is our job and our societys to vigorously react to them in order to stop things before they become traumatizing. A shocking statistic by Childhelp.org, is a report of child abuse is made every ten seconds. Just remember, they are near us, they live with us, and they can be everywhere. Two questions I have related to this subject: 1. Do mental illnesses such as schizophrenia have anything to do with past traumas? I work at a nursing home where a few of my residents are and so I thought it would be interesting to know if it is something that you are born with and it gradually progresses or if its something else? 2. If someone is pregnant during traumatic times, will that affect the baby? I can see it having things such as birth defects, premature birth, etc. But are there any studies showing if the baby will have a higher risk of mental illness? 3. In the TED talk, Dr. Burke says they get a point for every ACE. Do they find different outcomes for different ACEs considered separately? Such as if a parent gets a divorce in order to protect herself and her children from being exposed to abuse or neglect? (In my opinion, leaving the abusive situation would surely have better outcomes than staying in it, but I dont know much about the ACE.)

Idiot Savant Blessing Or Curse - 1504 Words

Idiot Savant: blessing or curse? By: Amunhotep Stubbs Advanced Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June 4, 2015 Abstract According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, idiot savant is a rare condition where a person who is considered to be mentally disable, displays brilliance in a specific area. Idiot savant was first coined and discovered by Dr. J. Langdon Down in 1887. Dr. Down is best known for his description of the disorder called Down syndrome. In French, idiot savant means learned idiot. Idiot savant can be hereditary or caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain resulting in spectacular abilities. This paper will discuss the significance of acquired savant, autistic savant, and cases of idiot savant. Introduction The study of psychology is a relatively new but rapidly evolving field of study. One of the most studied disciplines of psychology is the study of disorders. One particular disorder that stands out is idiot savant, or savant syndrome. Dr. Down first described savant syndrome as a specific condition over 120 years ago. Idiot savant is a rare, however a spectacular phenomenon. Most researchers agree that the disorder is most widely caused by damage to the brain, particularly the left hemisphere. Savant syndrome can also be hereditary, or passed through the genes from parent to child. It has also been linked to autism but not all savants are autistic. This paper will compare and contrast idiot savant

Article rebuttal Free Essays

I located an article on CNN. Com the article is â€Å"Why we should not legalize marijuana†. The author states that marijuana is the commonly abused illegal drug in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Article rebuttal or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , and around the world. The author also states that marijuana makes it totally impossible for a person using it to function and live a normal daily life. The author believes everyone who uses this drug she have penalties against them. I disagree, because the author is not stating facts and the information she provided In the article does is not reliable because she is going off of her opinions. I know many people who smoke marijuana and many people who use other drugs. Marijuana would not do much harm, I know a lot of people who are successful college graduates who used marijuana all throughout college and in their careers. Although I have never smoked a day in my life. I have reliable sources who have and decided to question them. I questioned friends who smoke marijuana, and friends who used to smoke marijuana. In my Interviews with friends and a few family members the ones who smoked told me It relaxes them and helps them focus more and have a clear vision on the things. The ones who quit says marijuana helped them perform better in school and feel stress free and that the only reason they quit was because of employment purposes. There are other drugs out there such as crack cocaine that can cause bodily harm and damage and even death while using, or overdose. You can not over dose on marijuana, marijuana can not cause serious harm. Being that marijuana can not cause you any serious harm or causes anyone to lose their life. I think It should be legalized and people should not get In trouble for having It. It should be their choice since no serious side effects occur How to cite Article rebuttal, Papers

Evolution of Management in Contemporary Workplaces

Question: Discuss about the Evolution of Management in Contemporary Workplaces. Answer: Introduction Management hypothesis concerning suitable management studies have developed in present day times. The purported traditional management hypotheses developed around the beginning of the 20th Century. These incorporate logical management, which concentrates on coordinating individuals and errands to amplify effectiveness, and managerial management, which concentrates on distinguishing the rule that will prompt to the production of the most proficient arrangement of association and management (Zeleny, 2016). Behavioral management hypotheses, created both previously, then after the fact the World War II, concentrate on how supervisors ought to lead and control their workforce to expand execution. Management science hypothesis, created amid the Second World War, has turned out to be more vital as specialists have created thorough investigative and quantitative strategies to help supervisors measure and control hierarchical execution. Eventually speculations were produced amid the 1970s to clarify how the outer environment influences the way associations and administrators work. Taylors Scientific Management The development of advanced management started towards the end of the 19th Century, after the Industrial Revolution had revolutionized the US, Canada, Europe. Little workshops kept running by talented specialists who created hand fabricated items (a framework called makes style generation) were supplanted by expansive processing plants. In these industrial facilities, hundreds or even a large number of untalented or semi-talented representatives controlled the advanced machines that made items (Zeleny, 2014). A hefty portion of the chiefs and administrators had just specialized learning and were caught off guard for the social issues that happen when individuals cooperate in extensive bunches (as in a production line or shop framework). Directors or managers started to look for new ways to deal with their associations' assets, and soon they started to concentrate on the most proficient method to expand the effectiveness of the taskemployee blend. Frederick W. Taylor is celebrated for characterizing the systems of logical management, the precise investigation of connections amongst individuals and assignments with the end goal of updating the work procedure to build productivity. Taylor trusted that the creation procedure would turn out to be more effective if the measure of time and exertion that every worker spent to deliver a unit of yield (a completed decent or service) could be lessened. He noticed that expanded specialization and the division of work could build productivity. Taylor trusted that the best approach to make the most proficient division of work could best be controlled by method for logical management systems rather than natural or casual dependable guideline learning (Smith, 2012). On the premise of his investigations and perceptions as an assembling administrator in an assortment of settings, he created four values to build proficiency in the work environment: Concentrate the way laborers play out their assignments, assemble all the casual occupation information that specialists have, and try different things with methods for enhancing the way errands are performed. Systematize the new strategies for performing assignments into composed tenets and standard working methods. Painstakingly select laborers with the goal that they have aptitudes and capacities that match the requirements of the assignment, and prepare them to play out the undertaking as indicated by the set up principles and techniques. Build up a reasonable or worthy level of execution for an undertaking, and after that build up a compensation framework that gives a reward to execution over the satisfactory level. Maslows Hierarchy of Human needs Various reviews showed that Management hypothesis evolved with "logical" and "bureaucratic" management that utilized estimation, systems and schedules as the reason for operations. Firms created pecking orders to apply institutionalized tenets to the work environment and punished work for damaging standards. Abraham Maslow's hypothesis of self-completion: his hypothesis is perceived as Hierarchy of Needs. It is shown in a pyramid and clarifies the unique stages and significance of human's mental and bodily wishes. To better comprehend worker idea, managers can utilize it as part of enterprise. The overall needs in Maslow's chain of importance contain physiological wishes (sustenance and apparel), well-being wishes (organization balance), social wishes (kinship), self-regard, and self-pride or consciousness. Maslow's hierarchy of desires identifies with authoritative speculation and conduct because it investigates a consultant's suggestion. According to Jacqueline et al, (2016), some humans only work best for money, because of companions, or the manner others regard and perceive them for their extraordinary work. The last level of intellectual development that can be finished whilst all essential and mental needs are happy and the "realization" of the entire individual capability happen. Inside the authoritative situation, if a consultant's decrease require on the chain of command is not always met, then the better ones are left out. For instance, if representatives are burdened that they will be released, and don't have any organization balance, they'll be involved about fellowship and regard. Demings Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is a rationality or way to cope with management that spotlights on dealing with the whole business enterprise (or crew) to deliver great merchandise and ventures to customers. This manner to deal with management became achieved in Japan following the second international war (WW2) and changed into a primary factor in their economic renaissance. TQM has four significant additives. Worker contribution is fundamental in watching for exceptional problems before they occur. A consumer hub means that a company must undertaking to determine client desires and bring services that deal with them (Gupta, 2011). Dr. Deming's renowned 14 Points serve as management rules. The focuses develop a ripe soil where effective work environment, higher benefits, and expanded profitability may develop. Deming trusted that each laborer has almost boundless potential if put in a situation that sufficiently backs, instructs, and sustains faculties of pride and duty; he expressed that 86% of a specialist's viability is dictated by his surroundings and just negligibly by his own particular ability. Russell (2010) agrees that an administrator looking to set up such a domain has to: Utilize a comprehension of brain science - of gatherings and people. Dispose of devices, for example, creation portions and sloganeering, which just estrange specialists from their bosses and breed divisive rivalry between the laborers themselves. Shape the organization into a vast group separated into sub-groups all taking a shot at various parts of a similar objective; hindrances between divisions frequently give rise clashing targets and make superfluous rivalry. Conclusion To wrap up, there are imperative hypotheses of Management and every hypothesis has unmistakable part to information of what supervisors do. Management is an interdisciplinary and worldwide field that has been created in parts throughout the years. Various ways to deal with management hypothesis built up that incorporate the all inclusive procedure approach, the operational approach, the behavioral approach, the frameworks approach, the possibility approach and others. Frederick W. Taylor, Abraham Maslow, and others have added to the improvement of Management idea. The established management approach had three noteworthy classifications that incorporate logical management, authoritative hypothesis and bureaucratic management. Logical management highlighted the logical investigation of work techniques to enhance specialist productivity. References Zeleny, M. (2016) Innovation Factory: Production of Value-Added Quality and Innovation, Economics and Management, 9, 4, pp. 5865 Zeleny, M (2014) The mobile society: effects of global sourcing and network organization, Int. J. Mobile Learning and Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3040 Smith J. (2012) Knowledge of Enterprise: Knowledge Management or Knowledge Technology? International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making, 12, pp. 181207 Jacqueline, M., Pablo R., Sucky V., Kova? H. (2016) Entering the Era of Networks: GlobalOutsourcing Networks and Alliances, Quantitative Methods and Management, pp. 8597 Gupta S. (2011) The mobile society: effects of global sourcing and network organization, Int. J. Mobile Learning and Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3040 Russell L. (2010) Strategy and strategic action in the global era: overcoming the knowing-doing Gap, Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 43, Nos. 1-3, pp. 6475 Ackoff R. (2014) The Evolution of Management Systems, CORS Journal, 8 (1): P 113 Slotine, Jean-Jacques (2013) Modular Stability Tools for Effective Management and Control, International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing

Procrastination Issues Cause and Effect

Abstract Cause and effect, in layman’s language mean that for every reaction there is always a precedent of an action. It is a condition whereby the occurrence of one event leads to the occurrence of another event. It is important to mention that cause and effect are typically associated to response and changes or events.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procrastination Issues: Cause and Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two events are normally associated with each other whereby one event is directly proportional to the other. This topic covers cause and effect pattern under the topic of procrastination. It analyzes how procrastination develops under cause and effect. Introduction Cause and effect discussion in most western philosophical traditions goes back to Aristotle. Aristotle came up with two modes of causation: proper, which is also referred to as prior causation and accidental also referre d to as chance causation. All causes in reference to proper and accidental can be said to be either particular or generic. To be able to understand cause and effect better, let us look at a topic like procrastination. Procrastination Procrastination is said to be the avoidance of starting or going through on a task that is deemed to be important and necessary. Procrastination involves postponing the occurrence of events or failing to perform an event in the name of waiting for the perfect time. There are various reasons as to why people may opt to procrastinate, and some of these may include feeling lazy, fear of the unknown, not knowing what one want to do and not wanting to seek help. Procrastination can also be caused by having a low self esteem that causes a feeling of cowardice to take action. From such, it becomes evident that it produces an effect towards one‘s work in form of academics, professionalism and sometimes personally (Reid, 2010). One of the given reasons tha t cause people to opt choosing to do things at a later time is mainly because they are of the thought that they have enough time to do everything. It is crucial to note that there is basically nothing wrong with trying to relax and really taking your time to do nothing unless the person really has very important matters to attend to. Having the assumption that there is enough time left to engage in the important things does not mostly leave enough room for unforeseen interruptions and unplanned events that may arise along the way . It is always paramount to finish first things first that can be done in the mean time rather than waiting for the last minute and encountering various problems along the way. Again, it is necessary to mention that doing things at the last minute takes too much effort compared to doing it at a personal pace since one has to cram a lot and rush everything at once (McWhorter, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another major cause for procrastination is fear of failure. In fact, nearly all forms of procrastination have an aspect of fear that is deep rooted. Fear of failure is quite common to all of us. Most human beings generally believe that they are not designed to fail and instead they are meant to consistently progress in the positive and also improve on the shortfalls. The fear of failure leads to procrastination as a way of keeping one from performing the actual event to avoid failing. If you don’t act upon an opportunity, then it is difficult to get an opportunity without challenges as it is difficult to determine which opportunity is free from challenges unless one tries to seize it. It is generally accepted that we all possess a limited mental and emotional capacity mind which is not in the form of high and low I.Q. but there is limitation in just like in physical capacity as to what one can absorb at any given time, and one only knows what that limit is. When an individual overwork or over engages himself physically, there is usually break down in one form or another of the body system. In some cases one may be saturated mentally and emotionally, in this case the mind may step in to intervene through procrastination to keep one from experiencing a ‘mental overload’ or saturation. In this kind of procrastination, individuals avoid important tasks which must eventually be done. Perfectionism is another form of mindset that may lead to procrastination. The belief that every task assigned must be performed perfectly is a recipe for stress. Generally one’s mind associate that stress with the task at hand and thus condition ones to avoid it. A stressed mind by a given condition will always shy away from performing a challenge. Conclusion In conclusion some of these measures stated are challenging to put into practice, but they are suitable and effective because the problem of proc rastination is not going to go away on its own. One must take the initiative. Procrastination yields tremendous personal growth and to overcome it, one become determined and focused. One must keep on trying no matter the outcome of the results as this eventually leads to better performance of a given task. References McWhorter, K. (2009). Successful College Writing: Skills, Strategies, Learning Styles. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procrastination Issues: Cause and Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reid, S. (2010). The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. London: Longman. This essay on Procrastination Issues: Cause and Effect was written and submitted by user Alyson Ramirez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mold lab report Essay Example

Mold lab report Essay Example Mold lab report Paper Mold lab report Paper How does moisture affect mold on bread? Aim In this lab I will research how moisture affects the mold of bread. My research question is therefore: How does moisture affect mold on bread? I will prepare 4 pieces of bread with different moisture and look at how it affects the mould. Hypothesis think the wetter the bread is the more mould there is going to be. But I think that if I put too much water on it will begin later or not. The mold will grow more with more water because mould requires a moist environment for the reproduction. I also expect that near to the end the moisture will reach its highest level and will not grow anymore. Variables Dependent variable : my dependent variable is the mould Independent variable : The moisture Controlled variable : The temperature, the type of bread, the exposure to air and light. Materials 2 pieces of bread A pipette Water A Petri dishes A sellable bag Method 1 . Get all the equipment and materials together. 2. Remove the crust of the bread and divide them in 4 even pieces. 3. Fill the Petri dish with 5 drops and dip the first piece of bread in it. After you have done that put the piece of bread in a bag. 5. Do this also with the 10 drops and 15 drops. 6. Check overtime you are in the lab how much mould there is and write it up in millimeters squared. Results Day Dry, area of mold in mm 5 water drops, area of mold in mm 10 water drops, area of mold in mm 15 water drops, area of mold in mm 4 O mm 7 19 mm 9 mm 42 mm 11 mommy mommy mommy mommy 14 50 mm 170 mm 80 mm 260 mm calculated all my results with a ruler and calculator. Most of the time the mould as very spread so I had to measure it and add it. The mold had different shapes. If it was a square or rectangle multiplied the 2 sides with each other, If it was a triangle I did the base times the height divided by 2, and if it was in a circle Multiplied pie by the squared radius (n x re). Conclusion From my data I can see that there certainly is more mould if it has a higher moisture. The bread with the most moisture started growing first and the others started growing all at the same time. The only difference was that the one with he most mould grew the faster than the rest. It was also noticeable that the bread with 5 drops got more mould than the bread with 10, but the one with 15 drops had the most. My explanation for this is that, or I did the experiment not good enough ( maybe the water was not spread enough with the 10 drops), or that mould chooses his own way, and that it i unpredictable where it exactly is going to grow. Eventually my hypothesis did not totally come true, because none of bread did reach its highest level of mould, so there was no part in the graph here a line flattened. Evaluation think my results were reliable enough to conclude what I have concluded, but they are not very accurate. It was quite hard to exactly measure how much mould there was on the bread, because you had 2 sides, and mould also grows in the inside, I decided that I wouldnt measure that because in is almost impossible to see. If I would do this experiment again, I would make some minor changes. I would put the water on each bread on the exact same place to be as accurate as possible. Also I would measure the mould more.

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Retail Marketing - Essay Example Any organization works within the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental frameworks. ASDA operates in mature markets like US or UK. UK political environment is considerably stable and market is mature. In the mature market it becomes very crucial for the marketers for serving consumers in the best possible way so that consumer does not switch to competitors. Competition is high for the organization. As the figure below is drawn based on the data of MINTEL Tesco is leading market with  £ 29.99 bn sales. It is followed by Sainsbury and ASDA. ASDA according to the data is third in the row of Food retail market. This poses a challenge in front of it to reach at top level. Consumer has ability to pay and they are willing to pay. This is another important aspect of UK economy and market. â€Å"Food, drink and tobacco remain the core supermarket products, even though larger stores have expanded far beyond such basics. Spending on food, drink and tobacco in 2005 was  £95.1 billion (incl. VAT – around  £92.7 billion excl. VAT). Other important areas for the supermarkets are health & beauty ( £12.2 billion excl. VAT) and cleaning products ( £3.1 billion, excl. VAT).† (Mintel) Social-cultural factors are important as it describes the products and services which will be demanded. Technologically environment for UK market is one of the best markets in the world. All the new and latest technologies are available for food storage facilities, preparation and others. Food retailing requires meeting the legal perspectives and government guidelines of selling eatables and food items such as Food Standards Agency (FSA), UKs Food Safety (Temperature Control) Regulations 1995 and others. Environmental factors have become one of the major concerns of UK society. Due to this factor it is a pressure on organisations as well to keep their operations not only be take care of environmental

Nacerima Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nacerima - Essay Example Nacirema Nacirema is a community living in North America and is known to conduct weird body rites or ceremonies. These rituals are conducted at everyday basis of their lives. Due to this habit enshrined in their customs and traditions, members of the Nacirema community are necessitated to institute a separate room in their homesteads as it will enable them to conduct their body rituals clandestinely within the comfort of their houses. Each room for conducting the rituals has a designated container that is meant for storage of magical equipments and concoctions. These are believed to be of significance for existence and well being of individuals. Available sources posit that the Nacirema possess a lot of magical equipments and concoctions that sometimes render them difficult to comprehend the aim of some of them (Minner, 2002). They are only kept for the conviction and credence that they will provide safety for the members of the family. According to Brent and Lewis (2013), â€Å"Amo ng the daily rituals is revolting, which is the practice of inserting a small bundle of hog hairs into their mouth, along with magical powders, then moving the bundle around in a series of highly formalized gestures† (60). ... It is evident that a lot of customs and traditions practiced by various communities at times emerge as uninformed, irrational, and disgusting or unpleasant to other cultures. Since time immemorial, there have been debates and discussions on the ways and manners in which groups of people should view and comprehend other people’s customs and traditions. It is important to consider the fact our fascination and interest in our customs and traditions results to us viewing it as normal. When people are too much fascinated with their customs and traditions, they view it as the true and correct manner of living that should be a force to reckon with. Nanda & Warms (2007) asserts that individual members of a certain community with distinct customs and traditions, we are prone to examine and scrutinize our customs in comparison with the traditions of other communities or societies. In doing so, individuals fall short of identifying and comprehending the importance of actions and deeds as well as constituents of other customs and traditions. Why some cultures look odd In many cases, some customs and traditions practiced by various communities may seem odd to us. For instance, some customs and traditions in Africa appear odd to Americans. This is because, being a developed nation with civilized ways of life, we forget that our ways of life are different from other nations or societies. Since America is regarded as the most powerful nation in the world, we assume that other people from other countries must emulate us. Though to some extent some of our ways of life have greatly influenced others, it is difficult for some communities to completely do away with their conventional practices. Therefore, since we are so used

Three most significant events in american history between 1877 and Essay

Three most significant events in american history between 1877 and 2014 - Essay Example The shortchanging of the minority groups by judicial misinterpretations of the Declaration of Independence in the 1800s, the Watergate scandal in the 1970s, and the assassination of John Kennedy in the 1960s are some of the most significant events that have shaped American history. Despite the promises heralded by the new laws after the dawn of independence, it is plausible that the former slaves, their descendants and all other ethnic and racial minority populations were not accorded equal regard and treatment under the law. As if to seal the fate of the Native Americans and African Americans who continued to be subjected to oppression, the highest court in the land delivered a landmark ruling in 1886 with the assertion that State authorities had the power to separate people into different races. The major caveat here was that the separation was justified provided that the separation facilities remained equal. The apparent â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine was a clear demonstration that even though independence had arrived in the United States, people of color had to wait a bit longer to reap the fruits of this freedom. The contradiction that persisted between the existence of slavery in America and the claim that all men are equal became a subject of debate when the Declaration was first published. As one media commentator wrote, the most truly ridiculous object in nature around that time was the country’s decision to sign independent declarations with one hand â€Å"and the other brandishing whip over its affrighted slaves â€Å"(Armitage 77). Even to this day, the idea of equality and freedom remains as paramount as ever to American politics and culture. One thing remains clear; the story of equality and freedom in America remains forever unfinished. The colored populations in America can only remain hopeful that as new definitions of freedom continue to emerge in the twenty-first-century, the true meaning and intentions of the Declaration will become clear

Nestle International Business Management

Nestle International Business Management The rapidity of global assimilation has been dramatically changed in recent years. Rapid and improved changes in the communications, technology and transportation have provided the process a new momentum and have made the planet more co-dependent than ever (Global Policy Forum, 2010). The multinational organizations manufacture their products in a number of countries and sell to the consumers around the globe (Global Policy Forum, 2010). Raw materials, Money, technology and human resources have started moving across nations more swiftly than ever. Along with that the products, finances, cultures and ideas circulate more easily (Global Policy Forum, 2010). As a consequence, the legal, social and economics movements have been forming in International level. It is the time to have globalization in every aspect; globalization of economics, globalization of culture and legal environment (Global Policy Forum, 2010). Nestle is one of the most respected brand name in the global food and beverage industry. The company promotes its products in around 130 nations across the globe (Nestle, n.d.). Some of its well known global brands include Maggi, Nestea, Nescafe, Friskies and Nestle. Apart from its own products the company owns around 52% of shares of Alcon Inc and about 30 % of the cosmetic giant, LOreal (Hoovers, 2010). Such diverse range of products makes it a leading brand not only in the world of food and beverages but attempts to elevate it to greater heights. This part of the report has been based on the tactical theories, written by renowned authors on international strategy. Competitive advantage emerged from the differentiation among different firms in any of the attributes as well as the characteristics. These attributes and characteristics are supposed to let one firm to create customer value and do something analogous better than its competitors. The common sources of competitive advantages include possession of better assets, access to well organized distribution and supply networks and better talent pool, productive operations (Tallberg, Adhikari Helsinki, 2007). Firms, which have decided to enter into the foreign markets, have to face a challenge while deciding on the right entry mode to enter into the market. This is a quite influential decision as it may have a continual impact on the firms global business performance. Two major modes which have been considered more often is the export of products and services and through the usage of foreign direct investment. Firms, adopting the very first one, try to make their existence in foreign markets by exporting to those regions. After having knowledge to that country they go for having their own operation facilities in those regions. Firms using the second one use the foreign direct investments to make their existence in foreign markets (Chung Enderwick, 2001). Competitive Advantage Nestle has described themselves as the food, health and wellness company. The Nestle Nutrition was established with the purpose of strengthening their focal point, i.e. their core nutrition business. Attaining leadership in this market is one of the primary aims in their well defined corporate strategy. Modern day consumers are more influenced by the claims that the company make regarding the nutritional contents of their products and the customer while making his purchase decision makes it his primary motivation. The establishment of Nestle nutrition as an independent business unit was with the aim to reinforce their competitive advantage in this area. The unit was given the responsibility of looking after its operations in the business of health care nutrition, infant nutrition and performance nutrition. The aim was to confirm a superior performance by providing products which are enriched with consumer trusted and scientifically approved nutritional components. The corporate wellness unit has been responsible to integrate nutritional value in their food and beverages worldwide. Its responsibility includes coordination of horizontal as well as cross functional activities that properly address existing customer concerns and at the same time anticipate consumer trends in future. In simple terms the unit is meant for aligning the research and development expertise of Nestle with customer benefits. The research and development division is one of its strong footholds, because of which the company has been able to make its presence felt in the global market. It has its well-built innovation heritage with a comprehensible visualization of the future (Bauer, n.d.). The resources required to build up their business are readily available. Nestle has got access to a pool of experienced suppliers who are aligned with Nestlà ©s assurance for innovation and excellence. Quality is surely one of the competitive advantages that Nestle has. Better quality products and services at reasonable prices is what Nestle strives for. From the above, it is apparent that the company operates on product differentiation with preference being given to better quality. The suppliers, employees, processes, business units and the research and development divisions have all contributed to make this happen. It can be deduced that Nestle has achieved its market leadership on the base of its cost effectiveness and innovation. Nestle has a well built economies of scale which helped it to attain low cost of reduction. Another important factor which contributes to the success of Nestle is their knowledge about the consumers in the market. To meet the varied customer needs Nestle prefers to blend their product mix with that of their local ingredients. Nestle has a well established transportation system for its distribution network. This helps the company to transport products in bulk to different factory outlets. Infrastructural development is another major concern of Nestle. (FAO, n.d.). Nestlà © has shown such an example in China. In China they had developed roads to carry out their distribution process smoothly. Mentioned above are some of the factors which have collectively assisted the company to excel in innovation and customer services. Foreign market entry strategy As the markets are getting more competitive as well as more flat, it is very much apparent that Nestle would be looking towards other new markets from the growth perspective. Successful implementation of strategies for market development requires more flexibility, ability to adapt to an unforeseen market conditions and the vision to achieve long term goals. Nestle has been relied on the foreign direct investment for entering into different foreign markets (Rao Murthy, 1999). Nestle, being the first mover, tries to enter the emerging markets in an early stage. Nestle is not generally inclined to go through the expensive process of setting up its brand name in the prospective markets; rather the company prefers to acquire local companies which are known in the indigenous market. This actually helps Nestle to overcome the cultural hurdles and consumer resentment to the foreign brands. Nestle first used this policy to start its business with the basic consumer needs like infant food; an d after that they expanded their business in the upscale market segments of chocolate , soft drinks, instant food and beverage items as per customer needs. The strategy is quite simple but strong. The strategy is to start from a basics and then only move to the more niches with the rise in demand. Sometimes they connect their expansion plan with other brands as per the rising income of the population present there. The company provides some 8500 product brands; but only around 750 are registered in multiple nations and only about 80 are registered in over ten distinct countries (Nestle, n.d.). Nestle uses this approach as it is easier to reach the consumers with local brand names because of their attachment to these local names. Consequently the marketing becomes easier in such a situation as the local company has its own distribution channel, reputation and its own customer base. With due course of time, Nestle starts the marketing of its own products. In such a situation Nestle ca n very well concentrate on enhancement of the product line as well as process innovation. Nestle must evaluate their basic entry strategy before entering into a new country. The company is supposed to make choices based on the long run profitability of different foreign markets. The strategy is all about balancing the cost, benefits, innovation and excellence. Nestle matures by acclimatizing food components and processing technology in local environment; it is mostly done by employing the appropriate local brand name. For an instance, in many countries in Europe, Nestle introduced few dairy products under the brand name of Sveltesse (Nestle, n.d.). In Asia, the strategy was mainly to acquire the local companies present there. This is mainly done with the motive to structure an assembly of independent regional managers since they know the local cultures and markets better than the foreign employees. The companys strong cash inflow as well as its powerful debt equity ratio gives Nestle with ample power to venture into acquisition and consolidation. Nestle has been using a broad strategy for Asian market. The strategy is to produce different products in distinct countries to be supplied to the entire regional market. For an instance, Nestle produces soya sauce powder in Singapore (Nestle, n.d.), cereals and coffee in Philippines (Nestle, 2008). All these products are produced to serve the regional market. Market enhancement strategies Market enhancement strategies are primarily divided into four major parts. Market penetration and development of the existing market are done by Nestle in two ways; either by marketing the existing products in the existing market or by introducing new products in the existing market. Nestle, during the early stages of its initiation only marketed the milk products, a sort of infant food. In the year 1905, the company merged with Anglo Swiss Condensed milk to enhance and broaden the milk product line (Nestle, n.d.). This acquisition helped Nestle to penetrate further into the market thereby enabling it to enhance its existing products already present in the market. The risk is considerably reduced as the market is already aware of the existing product line. The small market size of Switzerland forced Nestle to explore other regions for their long term growth perspective. Consequently, Nestle established its milk products and infant food processing plant in Asia, Africa, Britain and America (finntrack, n.d.). This is an example of market development strategy where Nestle used its existing product lines to enter into the new regional markets. Nestle had certain inherent risks, the primary being, the unfamiliarity with the market and the absence of customers awareness regarding the product. In such a case, most of the times, they start with some local brands of the local companies which are readily recognized by the local consumers. In such a course the products are more readily accepted by the regional consumers. In the year of 1929, the company moved into the chocolate business. This happened when the company acquired the Swiss chocolate maker. The next product was one of the most revolutionary one, Nescafe, the first soluble coffee powder of the world (finntrack, n.d.). In coming years, Nestle moved its business to other segments, primarily through a number of acquisitions which included Maggi, Findus, Cross Blackwell and Perrier (finntrack, n.d.). The entry of the new products in new markets diversified its range of acquisition. For most of the market enhancement techniques, Nestle had used either acquisition or consolidation. Be it the existing market or be it the new market, Nestle has always strived for innovation and brilliance. Global and local strategies Nestle is one of the renowned global organizations. So it is not surprising that the international strategy would be at the core of its tactical focus. Nestle is a decentralized company with the operational responsibilities spread out among the local units. The local units enjoy autonomy in regards to pricing, marketing, distribution etc. For an example, in Nigeria, Nestle has done away with its traditional distribution procedure of operating from a central warehouse because of Nigerias poorly developed road system. Instead Nestle has constructed several small warehouses around the country. This shows that the companys responsiveness to diverse local conditions. Nestle even employs local staffs for their regional offices as they are better equipped to handle the business procedures and customers. This in turn helps the organization to respond to the local demand more effectively and efficiently; resulting in increased market share and profitability for the company. The adaptation procedure embraced in China is another example of the companys focus on long term goals. After some 13 years of discussion, Nestle was finally invited to China in the year of 1987 by the government (finntrack, n.d.). Nestle started by opening of a powder milk producing farm in 1990; but soon after that the company realized that transportation infrastructure over there was inadequate to carry on the process. The infrastructure used to inhibit the accumulation of milk and delivery of the finished products. Rather than putting up with the existing infrastructure, Nestle made a plan to build up its own road for the transportation of milk and other finished products. Farmers used to bring the milk to the centers where it was weighed and checked for quality. Nestle used to pay the farmers on time. That acted as an incentive for the farmers and they increased the production of milk. This resulted in an increased number of cows in the district. After a period it became the res ponsibility of the area managers to organize the delivery of the milk to the factory centers. Although initially the whole procedure seemed very costly; but Nestle had the vision to see its long term profitability. This paved the way for the companys success in China. Another example which shows that Nestle inclination to adapt local products is its operation in Syria. In Syria there is a huge demand for tomato and its related ingredient. The company used it to boost their sales. By using local ingredients and concentrating on the local demand, the company has earned a good rate of return in those regions. However this is not the case everywhere. Nestle had faced severe problems in Japan. Failure to make its coffee brand compatible to the weather condition, forced Nestle to lose its significant market shares to Coca Cola (finntrack, n.d.). Organizational Structure Nestle has seven different strategic business units worldwide. Now, these units have the responsibility to make strategic decisions as well as to look after the overall development of the business, which even includes consolidations and other market ingress strategies. Apart from this structure, a regional organizational structure operates almost parallel to the previous one. This structure divides the whole operating zone into five foremost geographical regions, including North America, Europe and some others. These regional divisions are in charge to make the development strategies for their individual regions, hence contributing towards the overall tactical decision making. Local units are responsible for local operating decisions; the tactical business units or the regional heads have nothing to do with their decision making. Nestlà © makes exhaustive use of their local managers, to connect its diverse operations through out the world. They also make their managers move from one country to another. These managers are mostly selected on the basis of their characteristics, their inclination towards such kind of lifestyle and their working ability. This company also uses its management program to enhance optimistic energy level among their employees. The reason behind carrying out such kind of workshops is to provide them knowledge about Nestlà ©s strategy and the culture. One of the most important departments, in this company, is its research and development division. Nestlà ©s global network is spread around 17 research and development centers and are enriched with about 3500 qualified and experienced people from more than 50 countries; the main think tank being the Nestle research centre at Switzerland (Nestle, 2006). Nestle research division is expected to become bigger and better with time in its attempt to attain higher degree of innovation. Recommendations The company should work further to make better quality products. It needs to be aware of the fact that the incident happened in melamine in Chinese made infant food should not get repeated again (redOrbit, 2008). Situation can turn adverse for Nestle if these would happen again. The company must try to make its product differentiation by enhancing the quality of food and beverages (redOrbit, 2008). Conclusion Nestle has been able to make its presence felt as the worlds largest food company. Since its inception it has been able to increase the market share by implementing successful growth strategies. This indicates that the overall tactical practice of Nestle has been quite effective in the regional markets they have entered into. In conclusion it can be said that the key reason behind the companys success is their amalgation of customization with globalization. It would be wrong to say that the country has marked its sign with the help of globalization. For an example, the company had entered into the China market as part of globalization efforts; but it was a success in that country because of the alignment of products and services with the consumer demands over. Despite having inferior infrastructure, Nestle was able to increase the production of powdered milk by a large amount. This actually showed the triumph of their strategy and flexibility. The reason behind companys success in ex panding into prospective markets can be attributed to the organizational structure as well as its core corporate strategy. Two significant reasons behind this success have been its flexible response towards the environmental change as well as its willingness to learn about the new culture. Despite the recent downturn Nestle has been able to maintain a continuous growth, even in the new markets, with the help of skillful market enhancement strategies. This excellent performance is facilitated by the execution of its unique strategy in building up bonds with customers through the local employees and managing the entire process using a very distinct approach. With most of the marketing strategy in its favor Nestle is expected to continue making profits and increase its market share but it also has to take certain factors like economical, cultural and into account while pursuing the strategy to ensure an all around development of the company.

How Huck Matures in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay examples -

A French philosopher named Henry Burquen once said, 'To exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on creating oneself endlessly.' A good example of how a person develops his or her maturity is the story of Huck in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. In the novel, a young boy from the South travels down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave where they encounter many adventures and meet many different people. Along the way, not only does Huck mature, but he also becomes a kind and loyal person, sometimes going against the values of society. Huck's adventure down the Mississippi River is a passage into manhood because he learns to make decisions on his own as well as gain respect for Jim as a person. Huck matures throughout his adventures as he makes decisions on his own. For instance, before the trip down the Mississippi river, Tom explains to Huck how they should be like the robbers in the books, Huck responds, ?Well, if that?s the way, I?m agreed, but I don?t take no stock in it...But go ahead, I ain?t got nothing to say? (Twain 18). Earlier ...

A comparative study of the regions

A comparative study of the regions –Bordeaux and Burgundy Wine as an alcohol beverage is made by a complex and fascinating process, which includes pressing the fruits or berries, fermentation the Juice, then through chemicals composed of certain kinds of alcohols, pigments, vitamins, sugar, several minerals and more than 22 organic acids (Maynard 1965). Bordeaux and Burgundy are two of the most well-known and fabulous regions of France. Those top French regions have a long history, strong culture of wine and also possess a large amount of the most famous chateaus.However, Burgundy and Bordeaux regions both have he their own unique characters and styles of the wine. In addition, the varieties of grapes for making wine also differ a lot. The grape and the certainly of style, quantity and quality of the wine is enormously influenced by weather events occurring in every growing season, terrain and so on. This essay provides a brief overview of the difference between Burgundy and B ordeaux region from a geographical, cultural and winemaking point of view.In addition, it also discusses a specific type of grape, which is Pinot Noir, and the reason why it is the main red grape in Burgundy and not Cabernet Sauvignon. Since the first century AD, Bordeaux began to plant grapes along with the wine industry in this region began to develop as well Geoff 2010). Bordeaux is located in the southwestern region of France, north of the Quatrain region and near the Atlantic coast. The river Gardener divided the Bordeaux city into two parts, the east is the right band and the other side in the west is left bank, due to the bend of the river location.The left bank contributes to wine business trading, since streaming outside the bend. It contributes to business transactions because the river formed a deep enough arrow to allow the passing of merchant ships, which used to dock and offload alongside the river. Even tough chateaux in this region produced the largest amount of firs t-rate wine than the other worldwide of winemaking. However, the quality of the wine varies year-to-year, even season-to-season and uncertainty about the vintage, which attribute to the geographical region.Bordeaux region is located between west longitude | 0 17 â€Å"to the east longitude 0 0 19† and north latitude 44 0 48 â€Å"to 45 0 35†, which belongs to temperate maritime climate with hot summers and cold winters without extremes of temperature (Holiday Weather 2014). Figure 1 and figure 2 respectively show the average minimum and maximum temperature over the year and average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow) in Bordeaux. Figure 1: World Weather and Climate Information, 2013, Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year, World Weather and Climate Information, viewed 3 April 2014, Figure 2: World Weather and Climate Information, 2013, Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow), World Weather and Climate Information, R ainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Bordeaux,France> In the mild and humid springtime from March to May, it provides sufficient supply of moisture for early growth grapes. However, too much dampness might be a major problem. The most serious one was in 1991, which had a very high humidity, the vines appeared gray mold and betroths mold, resulting in greatly reduced in wine production (Bill 2014).Summers in Bordeaux are usually filled with a good level of sunshine and heat, but not excessive high temperature due to proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. The climate becomes chilling and one could see quite a bit of rain falling in heavy showers since September. Cold rain and strong breeze usually hit the region in January. During the winter, cold winds from the Atlantic often blow into the vineyards and might damage the vineyard, but forested hills and ridges in Bordeaux also played essential role to slow down the strong winds or change the direction much more.The geology of this area contains sev eral kinds of soil, which comprises of gravel, clay and limestone. Among them, the mountain area is gravel soil. The Gardener flows through the Bordeaux region, which offers the irrigation water. In addition, the region s in the temperate maritime climate zone, which provide the fantastic geographical condition for planting grapes. Also, Burgundy has a good long lasting reputation as early as Roman times and is one of the oldest wine regions (Wine Guide 2013). The wine industry has been developed vigorously, since Charlemagne began large-scale cultivation of grapes.Burgundy is located in the northeastern inland France, between Dijon and Lyon, which is a more northern location than Bordeaux. Figure 3: Chew Nouns, 2013, Average temperature and rainfall for Burgundy, the Direct Route to the Real France, viewed 4 April 2014, It longs to a typical continental climate. However, the range of temperature changes a lot as the altitude and latitude vary due to the strip-shaped of Burgundy. Th e temperature in the southern part is slightly higher (roughly two degrees on average). From April to October, the temperature is relatively high but not too hot.It could reach the highest temperatures during July and August along with the rainfall averaging mom per month, then the temperature turns cold in the autumn, a mom increase in the monthly rainfall on average, and accompanied by thunderstorms. In old winters, the rainfall decreases to mom per month on average. This is not the optimum condition for planting grapes, by right, along with the location in the central mountain of France. The really high latitude is inappropriate for growing grapes. However, Burgundy has cultivated and brewed such a lot of good variety of grapes and wine.The reason is that most of the Burgundy vineyards are located in the south or south-facing gentle slope, which is better resistance to the frost damage and avoid the mistral, and use the thermal from the sun effectively. Those reasons make Burgund y better in planting grapes. Another main factor is the soil, which plays an important role in wine planting. The terrain feature of Burgundy present strip-shaped from north to south, which contributes to big differences in style between the north and south. The northern Chablis region is close to limited terrain condition of viticulture.In Burgundy, the origin of geology and the chemical structure of soil are diversified from the north to the south. However, there is still a certain unifying feature on geology and soil structure, which its sedimentary soil makes up of clay, marl and limestone. The structure has been formed for fifteen million years since the Jurassic time. In addition, the composition of soil in Burgundy is varied, but mainly is calcareous soil. This kind of soil is most favored by Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. The elite position of those vineyards is located in the Golden Hill area, on the sunny eastern-facing slope.Although, in the fascinating world of wine, both Bo rdeaux and Burgundy have a long history in winemaking since at least 500 BC and strong wine culture, but different cultural and historical backgrounds created different traditions and ideas, resulting n two different kinds of great French wines. Classification system between Burgundy and Bordeaux region are the major difference related to culture. Since 1855, Bordeaux has been classified based on price, while Burgundy has been classified based on terror (Benjamin 2010).In the year of 1855, two events established contrasting styles for classifying and ranking wine, and the results have reverberated ever since. The classification of the Medic wine is the most noted one, which not only set out the classification of wine in the left bank, also made classification based on price for all Bordeaux wines. Burgundy region is entirely based on the location and nature of the vineyard terror to divide and decision levels, so only the best vineyards as to geographical conditions as the highest l evel. Another event is less known, which occurred in the same year.Livable issued a map of every single vineyard in Burgundy which displayed details from Santayana to Dijon, grading them T ©et De Cup ©e, Premiere, Dioxide ©me and even Troops ©me Cup ©e (Benjamin 2010). In 1936, the map of C ¶et door was updated more than 400 appellations when the appellation control ¶l ©e system was announced. Now in Burgundy, every vineyard has TTS place in a hierarchy classified in descending order of quality from Grand Cru, Premier Cru, Village wine, to Generic Burgundy. These account for 2%, 10%, 36% and 52% of the total production of wines in Burgundy respectively (Tim 2014).The elite part of the region is the Grand Crush. Those are the best-known vineyards and labeled solely with their names of the producer. Not every Grand's Crush are equally quality, but most of them are normally the finest and relatively expensive wines in Burgundy. Another interesting difference refers to c ulture between Burgundy and Bordeaux is he shape of the wine glasses. The correct wine tasting glasses could enhance a fine wine to bring out the flavor, highlighting its features and keeping it in balance. Due to the different characteristics of those two regions, choosing wine glasses should not be the same as well.Bordeaux-styled wine glasses are usually a large, tall bowl, which is shaped like a tulip. This kind of glasses is ideal for heaps of full body red wine, especially for Bordeaux wines. Because Bordeaux wines are generally is a bit high acidity and more tannin, the curvature of the glasses could appropriate control he speed of tasting rather than the vertical shaped glasses. Otherwise, the Burgundy red wines mainly from the Pinot Noir, which are quite fragrant, fruity and seductive. Spherical shape glasses with a wide and large bowl could make the aroma of Burgundy wine expand up toward your nose, enhance the complex aromas of the wine.Also, due to the high acidity of th e wine, the glasses usually have a slightly flared opening to direct the wine toward the tip of your tongue, accentuating the sweetness of the flavors. From the winemaking point of view, each region has its own feature and attractive Tyler. The variety of grapes, color and tasting are three major aspects when talking about the difference between Burgundy and Bordeaux region. The first difference is the raw material, which is related to the variety of grapes. Bordeaux wines usually make up with a multiple verities of grapes.Winemakers in Bordeaux believe that the taste of each simple grape is not perfect, and therefore require the deployment of different varieties mixed together to complement each other in order to enhance the flavor. In addition, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, brewed together with one or overall other varieties of grapes, basically dominate this region of wines. Nevertheless, winemakers in Burgundy love making wine through one single variety of grape, small-scale pr oduction and packaging. Pinot Noir dominates most of them. The second major difference is the color from appearance. As to the red wine, the color is from the skin of the grape.Due to the difference of dominant grapes, the colors of the wine from those two regions differ. The skin of the Cabernet Sauvignon is thicker than Pinot Noir. Hence the color of wines from Burgundy region seems to lighter by contrast to Bordeaux wines. The last distinguishing factor is the taste. Differences in varieties result in difference taste. As tannin is the main factor, which constitutes a main structure of the wine, Bordeaux wines, which mainly make up with Cabernet Sauvignon, have strong astringent taste, due to thicker skin. By contrast, Burgundy wine has more sour and fruit flavor, but less tannin.This is because Pinot Noir has full and rich fruity flavor and thinner skin. Lastly, the main variety of the grape used to making wine is different as well. In Bordeaux, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Fran c, Merlot and Petit Overdo are the four main red grapes. The majority of the wine production in Bordeaux is red wine, which account for 4/5 of the total production. While Pinot Noir is the dominant red grape in the Burgundy region, Semicolon, Sauvignon Blank and dense Is Kodak are the representative while grapes of Bordeaux, where produce the best and most expensive red wine and sweet wines in the world.In addition, the quantity of the dry white wines is particularly outstanding. Alighted and chardonnay are two main white grape varieties in Burgundy. Generally, the wine is made based on one single variety of grapes in Burgundy. Pinot noir is the main red grape in Burgundy. Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon, which is strong adaptability to the surroundings and low cultivation cost, Pinot Noir is one of the grapes that winemakers need to carefully take care. A glass of good quality Pinot Noir Burgundy wine will bring people unparalleled fantastic feeling.Because of this, the world's most ambitious wine producers were keen to plant this uncertain nature feature grape. However, not every wine region could possession Pinot Noir like The first reason why Pinot Noir the main red grape in Burgundy and not Bordeaux traces back to 4th century AD (Imprint 2011). There is an evidence that at that time, Pinot Noir was already planted in Burgundy. Pinot Noir used to name ‘Morrison Noir' at an early time. Later in 14th century, with related record in Burgundy, a name called ‘Pinot Noir' had already been described. The fate of Pinot Noir is related to Burgundy inevitably.The second essential reason is the favorable growing conditions. Pinot Noir usually germinate earlier than other varieties, hence vulnerable to spring frost consequently, stop growing after flowering. Therefore, it is best not to plant Pinot Noir in low-lying, damp and cool place. The average temperature in Burgundy is higher and the infill precipitation is lower than Bordeaux, which is more appropri ate for Pinot Noir growing. As for Cabernet Sauvignon, which is late maturing variety, a mixture of gravel and chunks of quartzite soil is more appropriate for Cabernet Sauvignon.This is due to the heat transfer of gravel and drainage that is relatively good, more suitable for the late, maturing variety. The geographical condition of Bordeaux might be the good choice for Cabernet Sauvignon to grow. Theoretically, the production of Pinot Noir is quite low, but in Burgundy, the clone technology contribute to the improvement of the production during the sass and he early sass. Comparing with other majority of grape varieties, this variety is more vulnerable to various kinds of mold and easier to rot, but also more vulnerable to viruses, especially grapevine fan leaf virus and grapevine leaf roll virus (Edison 2002).This is because the skin of the Pinot Noir is thinner than others. In fact, due to the spread of the disease in Burgundy vineyard, thereby, the clone of Pinot Noir is quite promoted in sass. Hence, Burgundy has a more advanced technology of planting and cloning Pinot Noir than Bordeaux. Thirdly, generally speaking, Pinot Noir from the limestone soil are usually with good laity. In the relative cold climate, this early ripen grapes generally ripen a bit late along with lack of aroma and the acidity is not enough. For example, in Burgundy, they both plant Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon.In some years, the Pinot Noir might ripen later than Cabernet Sauvignon, but in some years, Cabernet Sauvignon might ripen later than Pinot Noir. There is a consensus that the brew of Pinot Noir is much harder than Cabernet Sauvignon. This is because in the process of the brewing, it is required to constantly monitor and alter the technology of winemaking according to the different needs each year. Due to the geographical reason, which is strip-shaped, most of the vineyards in Burgundy are smaller area and operation on a smaller scale than Bordeaux.Therefore, the small- scale vineyard is good to take care of Pinot Noir and manage the vineyard in order to produce more good quality grapes. As the two of the most famous wine region in the world, it is admitted that both have a long history of wine and a strong wine culture. But in some aspect of geographical, cultural and winemaking, they still have some differences between those two. However, with no doubt, the wine from the Bordeaux and Burgundy region are fascinating and tasty aromas. On those two pieces of land, stand the world's most famous wineries.

Medical Terminology Essays

Medical Terminology Essays Medical Terminology Paper Medical Terminology Paper Careers in the effective use of medical terminology have not gained that much interest a few years ago. With the increasing use of information technology in the field of health science, work associated with the use of medical terminology has evolved into well-paying professions. Medical indexing and medical transcribing are only two examples of these careers. Medical indexing is the answer to the increasing volume of medical literature available through electronic data bases (McGregor, 2002). It would be difficult for medical practitioners and researchers to obtain relevant articles for their online research without an effective medical indexing. This would require professionals adept with drug and disease terms among others to intelligently index medical reviews and original articles. With the fast expansion of medical knowledge, the need for professional medical indexers will remain at a high demand. Medical transcription has increasingly attracted interest as an allied health service and the job as a medical transcriptionist has slowly conveyed as a serious well-paying profession. Last year, the U. S. Department of Labor has declared medical transcription as an apprenticeable profession and graduates from medical transcription training program can now access registered apprenticeship programs (â€Å"Medical transcription,† n. d. ). The learning curved, however, can be very steep considering the magnitude of medical terminologies to be mastered. Based on the Model Curriculum published by AAMT, training programs should include course in anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology and laboratory medicine aside from extensive training in medical language and English grammar and punctuation. A total of 40 hours of actual and authentic physician dictation is also necessary before any graduate is certified as a medical transcriptionist although it may take least 2 years of acute-care transcription experience before any transcriptionists is eligible to sit for the certification examination by the AAMT. Despite this, medical transcription is a rewarding career as an allied medical profession. As the list of jobs related to the use of medical terminology broadens, it will not be long before they become established among the sustainable and profitable mainstream careers. And it will not be surprising if in the near future this trend will spawn new professionals and most likely, they will be known as â€Å"medical terminologist. † Reference Page American Association for Medical Transcription. Becoming an MT. Retrieved March 6, 2007, from aamt. org/scriptcontent/mtschool. cfm McGregor, B. (2002). Medical indexing outside the National Library of Medicine. Journal of the Medical Library Association. 90(3), 339–341. Medical Transcription Industry Association. Medical transcription recognized as an apprenticeable occupation by the U. S. Department of Labor. Retrieved March 6, 2007, from mtia. com/displaycommon. cfm? an=1subarticlenbr=47

Rhetorical Analysis Of Jaws essays

Rhetorical Analysis Of Jaws essays Jaws is horror film based on the beaches of a small island town called Amity. Within the waters of these beaches lies a killer shark, hungry for human flesh. After the terrorizing of several people by this ruthless shark, Chief Martin Brody takes it upon himself to gather a small group of people and get rid of this shark. Chief Brody gathers together a top-notch shark hunter named Quint and a shark expert named Matt Hooper. Together these three go out in search of this menacing beast to kill it and bring order back to this small Island Town. The intensity of this film is added by Steven Spielbergs use of directing. The usage of camera work, framing, editing, and even John Williams score combined together enhance the over all thriller feel of the film, creating a suspenseful and scary setting for the audience. The first element that is used very effectively within the film can be seen in the opening scene. We see a female swimming in the water and she is snagged by something. She is thrown about by an unseen creature and taken under, only a reddening of the water remains afterwards. By the audience not seeing the creature that is doing this horrible deed it creates a great deal of suspense. We, as an audience, never know where the shark is or when it will strike. Its absence from the visual screen in the first half of the film centers all suspense on the water itself, not just the area that the shark occupies, because the audience doesnt know where that place is. The audience is continually confronted with the sharks absence throughout the first half of the film, the shark will strike random people at random times. The audience does have an advantage over the people within the film, we as an audience can hear the musical score. The musical score, directly from the beginning, cues the shark for attack. The music starts and the audience knows that the shark is ...

Textual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Textual Analysis - Essay Example Morten did not listen and Inger dies. Johannes comes back to bring back Inger to life. Johannes explains that Inger can be brought back to life but this depends on faith and prayer to God. He says that this can only happen if the family has faith and if they ask God to bring back Inger to life. He is saddened by the fact that all of them have little faith and do not believe that this can be done. Out of all the people, it is Inger’s daughter alone that expresses her faith and she does this by taking Johannes hand and tells him to raise her mother from the dead (Wahl, 2012, p. 32). The young girl’s faith puts the adults at an awkward position because one would expect adults to know God better than a little girl and understand how faith works. From this, we expect that adults should be the ones to express faith even if it is a little faith. However, no one among them even bothers to do that. This represents the difference between adults and children. This scene shows that knowing has a different link with faith and that matters of the heart and mind may sometimes be different. From the adults’ point of view, knowing too much could affect one’s ability or trust in faith. On the other hand, from the child’s perspective, knowing a little information coupled with hope and trust can help one to believe or at least have trust in faith. The little girl only had hope and wish that her mother would come back to life and her little knowledge about God made her believe that He could bring her back through Jesus Christ. This made her have trust in Johannes prayer to God through Jesus Christ that Inger’s life be brought back (Milne, 1971, p. 156). The ordet is not a film with a long plot. However, it is a turbulent and intense poem that has several motifs, which are harmonized by the resurrection of Inger. The scene has many pauses in between the words spoken. In addition, the speakers in the scene who are mainly Morten, Johannes and the young girl speak in few words. The pauses in the dialogue are full of movement and reactions. The characters in the scene hear each other in a manner that they never do in normal films that are always marked by lots of conversations words and arguments. Here, one character talks followed by a pause then either he or she continues or another character picks up but the pauses are present. The pauses mark the movements that occur in the scene. This pauses help to create the mood in the scene, which is a somber mood marked by tone of optimism and pessimism. This mood can only be achieved when the scene is slow and is marked by little and slow movements that are well captured by Carl Dreyer, the director of film. In the scene, there is a distinctive resonance of the voices of the characters in the room helps to reinforce the impression of the physical presence of the voices (Schrader, n.d.). The characters that are in the scene are haunted by the fact that they do not acknowledge som ething that cannot necessarily be reduced to God. The importance of this fact is realized in the slowness of the movements of the characters and the slow movement of the camera as it captures the movement in the scene (Wakeman, 1988, p. 271). The scene where Johannes comes back to bring back Inger to

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Taxation - Essay Example The conceptual framework of accounting holds accounting theories related to taxation together. The framework establishes goal and objectives of financial reporting by businesses. Financial accounting information provides useful information for making business and economic decision such as taxation (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2005, p. 121). The theory that financial reporting should avail significant information for taxation recognizes that reporting does not exist out of the legal, economic, political, and social environment. The conceptual framework of accounting ensures that accounting information in relation to taxation is relevant, comparable, reliable, and consistent (Bebbington, Gray & Laughlin, 2001, p. 97). Comparability and consistency of taxation benefit from having  Generally  Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Adhering to financial statements to GAAP in relation to taxation means, they are consistent from year to year and the tax difference between various companies can be c ompared. Therefore, the accounting theories help in practical analysis of taxation in a business. The accounting theories of taxation function on four assumptions. The economic entity assumption illustrates that the practices of a business are distinct from the actions of the owner. It means that tax is computed separately for the company’s profit generation. In addition, the income tax of an employee is distinctively calculated in relation to the amount of salary gained. The going concern assumption states that when financial statements are prepared, the accountant assumes that the company will move without threat of dissolution or bankruptcy (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2005, p. 97). Therefore, it means that the likely taxable amount is already catered for in the financial statements hence in the event of taxation, the business does not feel any

Management Assignment(LAW) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Assignment(LAW) - Essay Example Charles Fried stated that persons entering into a contract are morally bound to keep it.*4 Therefore, a contract is equivalent to a written promise to deliver a service or goods in exchange for some consideration and fairness in transactions is the goal sought to be achieved in contract law. Traditional notions of laissez faire have been eschewed in modern contract law. In interpreting contracts and determining their validity, the courts have demonstrated that it is not the meaning a person actually intended to convey but what a reasonable person would have construed it as, which is referred to as the process of â€Å"objective interpretation.*5 In order that a contract be deemed valid, the parties to the contract must be clearly specified and the terms upon which the parties agree to conduct business must also be clearly laid out. In the case of Intel’s suppliers, the contract would therefore exist between Intel and the suppliers, since the engineers are in effect, acting on behalf of Intel and not as independent agents. This would however qualify as a bilateral contract since it involves the two parties: Intel via its engineers and the suppliers. In purchasing their supplies, the engineers functioning as Intel’s agents will be deemed to have made an offer for purchase of goods*6, which will not however be enforceable unless the suppliers have agreed and indicated their agreement through a written contract. An offer which is not communicated to the offerree will be deemed to be invalid or ineffective.*7 Therefore, assuming that Intel’s engineers have communicated their offer to the suppliers and there is a counter proposal made by the supplier in regard to the purchase price of the goods, this will be deemed to negate the original offer.*8 It is then up to the offerer to either agree with the counter proposal and indicate

Iago Manipulates Essay Example for Free

Iago Manipulates Essay In the play Othello, written by William Shakespeare, the antagonist Iago manipulates other characters. He makes them act in ways that benefits his plan of destroying Othello by making him believe that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio. In the beginning of the play, Roderigo who is in love with Othello’s wife, Desdemona, comes to Iago for help. Iago manipulates Roderigo by promising him Desdemona’s attention and love if he â€Å"put money in thy purse,† as Iago says. Roderigo gives money to Iago in the mistaken belief that Iago is using his money to help him get to Desdemona, but Iago is using it to finance his own plan. Roderigo is a desperate character in the play and is easy tricked by Iago, because he doesn’t think he has anything to lose and because he would do anything to get Desdemona. His desperate feelings for Desdemona and Iago’s convincing manner make Roderigo easy to deceive. Iago has also a wife, Emilia. He doesn’t really manipulate her, because she is unaware of what’s going on between Othello and Desdemona during almost the whole play, but he makes her do thinks that benefits his plan. For example, he makes her steal Desdemona’s handkerchief, which ended being the â€Å"icing on the cake† for Othello’s suspiciousness on Desdemona’s and Cassio’s love affair. Everyone likes and trusts Iago, and so do Desdemona. Iago is seen as an honest man, which helps him manipulate people, because they always believe him. Iago manipulates Desdemona by acting on her side and by sympathizing with her. When Othello starts to get very suspicious, he gets very angry at Desdemona, but he refuses to tell her why. Iago convinces her that Othello is angry on a letter he got earlier and not on her. Desdemona believes this lie, which probably stops her from questioning Othello’s behavior. Iago’s plan is to make Othello think that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair together. His first move to manipulate Cassio is to get him in trouble. He gets Cassio in trouble by making him drunk and by developing a fight for him. When Othello hears what happened, he removes Cassio from his post. Othello asks Iago what Cassio did, but Iago refuses to tell him anything, he says, â€Å"I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth than it should do offense to Michael Cassio. By doing this statement in front of Othello and Cassio, he earns Cassio’s trust. Iago uses this trust to manipulate Cassio later in the play. He tells Cassio that the best way to get his position back is to talk to Desdemona and get her on his side. Cassio does what Iago told him, and Desdemona is happy to help him because she knows him and she thinks he is a noble friend to Othello. But when Iag o and Othello come near, Cassio leaves because he doesn’t want to face Othello personally. Iago uses this situation to plant his seed of doubt, and tells Othello that Cassio fled when Othello came near. This is what starts Othello’s suspiciousness. Iago is a smart man who knows how to act and what he should say to manipulate the people around him. The character that Iago manipulates the most is Othello. He makes Othello believe that Cassio talks about Desdemona, while he is actually talking about Bianca and his sexual relationship with her. Iago makes up a story that he heard Cassio talking about Desdemona in his sleep. He also tells Othello that he has seen Cassio wipe his brow with Desdemona’s handkerchief. As a result of this, Othello gets livid and really frustrated, and wants to kill both Desdemona and Cassio. This clearly shows how Iago manipulates Othello. Iago is an intelligent character that is strongly talented in improvising and he has a clear feeling for timing. His most important skill is his acting ability. He’s a perfect actor. Although Iago plants his suspicion step by step by lying and by supplying â€Å"evidence† when it is needed, he always pretends to be a moral and loyal friend who everyone can trust. One of his strategies is to let other people make their own conclusions. Iago is smart enough to use other people’s actual weaknesses and to let them draw wrong conclusions themselves. All these strategies and abilities help him manipulate other characters in the play.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-confidence and contentment. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of her so as to find contentment. An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and out of favor at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere, to find "kin," or at least "kindred spirits." This desire irritates her equally strong need for independence and free will. In her search for freedom, Jane also struggles with the question of what type of freedom will make her happy. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could also mean enslavement—by living as Rochester's mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom: the freedom to act completely on her ethics. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents to their fullest by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also establish a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in check. When she reunites with Rochester, though based on a monetary level, she non-the-less finds herself to be equal to him. It is possible to question Jane Eyre's equality to Rochester on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochester's full equal when he is physically in poor health and dependent on her to guide him and read to him—in other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her. However, the thought of Jane finding herself Rochester's equal not because of the physical decline Rochester has suffered but because of the independence that Jane has attained, by coming to know herself more fully, is also possible. Jane Eyre :: essays research papers From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-confidence and contentment. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of her so as to find contentment. An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and out of favor at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere, to find "kin," or at least "kindred spirits." This desire irritates her equally strong need for independence and free will. In her search for freedom, Jane also struggles with the question of what type of freedom will make her happy. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could also mean enslavement—by living as Rochester's mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom: the freedom to act completely on her ethics. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents to their fullest by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also establish a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in check. When she reunites with Rochester, though based on a monetary level, she non-the-less finds herself to be equal to him. It is possible to question Jane Eyre's equality to Rochester on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochester's full equal when he is physically in poor health and dependent on her to guide him and read to him—in other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her. However, the thought of Jane finding herself Rochester's equal not because of the physical decline Rochester has suffered but because of the independence that Jane has attained, by coming to know herself more fully, is also possible.

Essay --

â€Å"No temptation has seized you except what is common to man. And God is faithful; He will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, He will also provide a way out so that you can stand up under it.† 1 Corinthians 10:13 Rob & Burgandie Onekea with their two sons Derion (16) and Brandon (13) Rob & Burgandie Onekea with their two sons Derion (16) and Brandon (13) Online purity is a daily battle for many brothers and sisters in Christ. Taking control of your purity is something that is crucial to your spiritual walk with God; indeed, if you are continually losing this struggle, your salvation is at stake. For the Scriptures are forthright, â€Å"But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or any kind of impurity or of greed, because these are improper for God’s holy people†¦ For of this you can be sure: No immoral, impure or greedy person – such a man is an idolater – has any inheritance in the Kingdom of Christ and of God.† (Ephesians 5:3-5) Ricardo is moved by his baptism! Ricardo is moved by his baptism! How many of us have been doing great spiritually, when suddenly you receive an email with an inappropriate image inside? Do we easily hit the delete button or are we ensnared the minute that we see the link? David fought a losing battle for purity, as he stood on the rooftop of the palace gazing into the area where Bathsheba was bathing. (2 Samuel 11) David could have chosen to look away, but his sinful desire compelled him to summon her to commit adultery. Sadly, after this affair, Bathsheba told David, â€Å"I am pregnant.† The consequences of David’s sin were many: the death of Uriah the Hittite (Bathsheba’s husband and one of David’s mighty men), the embittering of Ahithophel (Bathsh... ... Net Nanny. Adult websites have a wealth of resources at their disposal, which make it difficult to protect your home from pornography. Therefore, it is key to take things a step further and implement changes on your home computer. We easily spend $60 on the latest version of Halo or taking a family of four to see The Dark Knight, why then the lack of investment for our online purity? Most companies offer trial versions to download for 30 days to see if it works for you. As a brother who is now experiencing the victorious life, I would strongly recommend installing one of these programs. To download a trial version, click here. As our war for online purity continues, let us take up God’s spiritual weapons as well as our modern tools, and fight with everything we have for our salvation, for the salvation of our families and for the salvation of this very lost world.

Effect of Information Technology on the Operations

EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 The Effect of Information Technology on the Growth of the Banking Industry in Nigeria P. A. Idowu Dept of Computer Science and Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University Ife-Ife Nigeria A. O. Alu Dept of Management and Accounting Obafemi Awolowo University Ife-Ife Nigeria E. R. Adagunodo Dept of Computer Science and Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University Ife-Ife Nigeria ABSTRACT The advent of Information Technology (IT) is rapidly changing the banking industry. In this study, the impact of IT on the banking industry in Nigeria is described.A questionnaire was employed to collect data from customers at five major banks in Nigeria on the extent to which customers believe that IT exerts an impact on banking services. The results of the study clearly indicate that IT has contributed immensely to the growth of the banking industry in Nigeria. Keywords: Information Technology, Banking, Nigeria. 1. INTRODUCTION A powerful force drives the world towards a converging comm onality, and that force is technology (Levitt, 1992). From the beginning of the human era, technology has been one of the most essential and most important factors for the development of mankind (Coombs et al. , 1987).During the last two hundred years, technological changes have often been related to economic growth in the form of new types of goods and services. Smith (1776) first wrote about technical changes in the form of new machines as one of the three important causes of increasing incomes more than 200 years ago. Information Technology (IT) can be defined as the modern handling of information by electronic means, which involves its access, storage, processing, transportation or transfer and delivery (Ige 1995). Research shows that IT affects financial institutions by easing enquiry, saving time, and improving service delivery (Alu, 2002).IT also provides solutions to the needs of modern societies in health care delivery, library services, education, and communication network s within organizations, etc. Some available telecommunication and information technologies which are presently being used in the banking industry in Nigeria are telephone, facsimile, wireless radiophone, very small aperture terminal satellite (VSAT), telegraphy, and computer systems (Ugwu, 1999). According to Alu (2002), some banks in Nigeria have LANs (Local Area Network) in most of their branches but none of the banks have deployed home banking applications. . BANKING IN NIGERIA As a result of the increased demand for customer deposits, Nigerian banks, especially the new generation banks, have realized the imperative of good and prompt customer service. Also, due to the fact that some customers lost their deposits in the erstwhile technically-insolvent or distressed banks, customers have now become wiser, more discerning, alert and sophisticated with regards to The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 2 hoosing where it is safe to put their money, and where they would be served promptly, preferably in a pleasant, courteous and friendly environment. Thus, they have started looking at the level of service and professionalism of the banks before depositing their funds. Proximity to the bank is no longer the issue: safety and the level of service, with regard to quality, speed and efficiency has become the major imperative. On the part of the banks, they have realized that one way in which they can provide quality service is through the use of technology.Hence, there is a growing rate of adopting new technologies in Nigerian banking operations. Moreover, there is growing evidence that customers have started associating quality of service in a bank with the bank’s possession of an online, real-time system. In fact, possession of such a system is now judged to be the sine qua non of a high quality banking service in Nigeria. So, for a bank to be perceived as providing high qualit y service, that bank has to have an IT system, which it uses to deliver services to customers in a more timely, friendly and considerate manner, at no extra cost to the customers.Despite the fact that many of the new generation banks base their marketing strategy on the possession of supposedly on line, real-time systems, they find that their systems’ links are down for about 50 percent of the time. Many customers feel cheated by this reality and complain about the incessant ‘downtimes’. They were promised an online, real-time system, only to find out that the banks’ systems are down at least half the time, and that the national carrier, NITEL (Nigeria Telecommunication), is to blame.Whilst the responsibility of NITEL cannot be denied, many customers still feel that it is the responsibility of the affected banks to take care of these problems, and that they should be given the nationwide, online, real-time banking service they were promised. Faced with thi s dilemma, many banks in the country are resorting to alternative personal solutions by using the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite systems, for long distance electronic communication. For short distances, the MDS (Metropolitan Digital Services) system is often used.The problem here is that all the banks are trying to procure appropriate VSATs independent of one another. In other words, there is no collaboration between the banks in sourcing this very expensive technology and thereby providing a cost-effective solution to the problem. It would also be fair to say that Nigerian banks are generally imbued with an overly competitive mind -set, which tends to foreclose the benefits of synergy or collaboration in solving most of their common problems. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn order to assess the perceptions of banking customers in Nigeria with respect to the quality of banking services, a questionnaire survey was conducted. A ‘grab sampling’ technique was used t o select the customers from the banks. Five commercial banks in Nigeria – Wema Bank Plc, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, Omega Bank Plc, Cooperative Bank Plc, and Access Bank Plc. – were selected for this sampling on the basis that they have branches in almost all the states in Nigeria and they make use of computers in almost all their branches.The researchers visited the banks during working hours and the questionnaires were given to the customers as they visited the banks. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed in this way. 260 questionnaires were returned to the researchers, a response rate of 52%. The survey instrument can be found in the Appendix. In addition, the researchers conducted personal interviews with five bank managers and fifteen IT staff in order to gain an appreciation of what types of IT systems and electronic application services The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. jisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 3 were available in the selected banks. The responses were measured with a fivepoint Likert-type rating scale, where Strongly Agree (SA) = 4; Agree (A) = 3; Strongly Disagree (SD) = 2; Disagree (D) = 1; and Neutral (N) = 0, while the scores f r o negative items were reversed. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the IT systems that are being used in the selected banks. Telephone, Facsimile, Local Area Network, computer system, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition), were used in all the banks.Also Wema, Omega and Access banks used Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), and wireless radiophone. The researchers were able to identify IT devices available in the selected banks from personal interview conducted with the 5 branch managers and 15 IT staff in the banks. Table 1: IT systems and electronic application service in the selected banks Types of IT systems Wema Omega Union Co-op Access Telephone X X X X X Wireless radiophone X X X Facsimile X X X X X Computer X X X X X Electronic Mail VSAT X X XLocal Area Network X X X X X MICR X X X X X EFT X X X 4. 1 Effect of IT on Banking Services The effect of IT on an enquiry on a customer’s state of account, and services enjoyed by the customers from the banks as perceived by the banks’ customers, are shown in Table 2. Out of the 260 respondents, 86. 2% agreed that IT was really helping the bank they patronized, while 90. 8% agreed that IT made the enquiry about the state of their accounts faster. Also, 83. 1% agreed that IT had a great positive impact on the services rendered by the banks.The means of 3. 12, 3. 29 and 3. 07 respectively for the selected banks' respondents confirmed that IT has a positive effect on the enquiry of customers’ state of account and services enjoyed by the customers from the selected banks. Generally, the effects of IT on the enquiry of the customer’s state of account and services enjoyed by the customers from the banks have an appreciable influence on any bank. The use of a LAN and computer systems have ensured quick and improved services delivery to customers by the banks.But it may be important to state that the use and application of these electronic devices are hampered by the inadequacy of infrastructural facilities like power supply. 4. 2 Effects of IT on Customer Services Table 3 shows the response of customers from the banks with respect to the effect of IT on customer services provision. About 66. 5% disagreed that IT had no effect on services rendered by the banks. Also 82. 7% agreed that there is a need to improve on the services rendered by these banks. The means of 2. 77 and 2. 4 respectively confirmed that IT has effects on services rendered by these banks to their customers and about 83% of the respondents agreed that the banks need to improve on the The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 4 services rendered to the customers. This shows that the services the banks are offering now are not the best they can offer to their customers and that the banks should improve on these services to their customers. Table 2: Effects of IT on Banking Services Question SD IT/computer is really helping this 2. bank IT makes enquiry about the state 2. 3 of my account faster IT/computer has a great positive 2. 3 impact on the services rendered by this bank D 4. 6 N 6. 9 A 43. 9 SA 42. 3 Mean 3. 12 0 6. 9 36. 6 54. 2 3. 29 4. 6 10 37. 3 45. 8 3. 07 N 9. 7 A 18. 8 SA 5. 0 Mean 2. 77 10. 4 50. 4 32. 3 2. 94 Table 3: Effects of IT on Customer Services Question SD D I don’t think IT has any effect on 34. 6 31. 9 services rendered There is a need to improve the 0 6. 9 services rendered by this bank Table 4: Promptness and efficiency of services as perceived by the customers Question SD DN A SA Mean I enjoy prompt and efficient service 0 16. 2 9. 2 37. 7 36. 9 2. 93 delivery I was once delayed in the bank 16. 5 31. 5 6. 9 32. 7 12. 4 2. 38 because the computer was down IT does not increase prompt and 43. 1 42. 7 4. 6 7. 3 2. 3 3. 17 efficient service delivery 4. 3 Promptness and efficiency of services as perceived by the customers From Table 4, about 75% of the respondents agreed that they enjoyed prompt and efficient service delivery from the banks. The mean of 2. 93 shows that IT enables the banks to provide prompt and efficient services to their customers.Questions 3 and 7 (see Appendix) are similar, but the reaction of the respondents confirmed the conclusion above because about 85% of the respondents agreed that IT has increased prompt and efficient service delivery by the banks. Also, on the issue of delay due to computer down times, only 44. 9% of the respondents agreed that they were once delayed in the bank because the computer was down, though this might be due to the epileptic power supply and inefficient telecommunication infrastructure in Nigeria. The mean of 2. 93 conf irmed that most of the time, customers go to the bank when computers are not down. 4. Influence of IT on patronage as perceived by the customers Table 5 gives responses on the influence of IT on patronage as perceived by the customers. 70% of respondents agreed that based on the efficiency and effectiveness of services rendered, they could encourage their colleagues to patronize the banks they used. Also, 65. 8% of the customers agreed that the banks' use of IT encouraged them to patronize the banks they use. The means of 2. 47 and 2. 52 respectively show that IT encourages customers to patronize the banks. The The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. jisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 5 use of computers, telephone, VSAT, and EFT has contributed immensely to the growth of banking industry. In Nigeria presently, some banks are not making use of IT and those banks are being patronized by few customers, the majority of whom are illiterate and poor. This makes the turnover of these banks low. Table 5: Influence of IT on patronage as perceived by the customers Question SD D N A SA I can encourage my colleagues to 4. 6 5. 0 20. 4 47. 3 22. 7 patronize this bank IT/Computer encourages 2. 3 9. 6 22. 3 32. 7 33. 1 customers to patronize this bankMean 2. 47 2. 52 Table 6: Perception of customers on the ease of conducting banking transactions Question SD D N A SA Mean Saving or withdrawing money is 21. 9 36. 9 7. 3 31. 2 2. 7 2. 63 time consuming IT eases banking transactions 2. 3 2. 3 9. 6 50. 0 35. 8 3. 10 4. 5 Perception of customers on the ease of banking transactions Table 6 above shows that 58. 8% of customers disagreed that saving and withdrawal of money is time consuming. Also, 85. 5% agreed that IT eases banking transactions. The means for questions 6 and 13 (see Appendix) are 2. 63 and 3. 00 respectively. The mean of 2. 3 for question 6 (see Appendix) shows that some respondents agreed that saving and withdrawal of mon ey is time consuming despite the use of IT in those banks. Table 7: Effects of IT on the interaction between cashiers and customers Question SD D N A SA IT has reduced the interaction 15. 0 30. 4 17. 7 27. 3 9. 6 between cashiers and customers Mean 2. 15 4. 6 Effects of IT on the interaction between cashiers and customers Table 7 shows that 36. 9% agreed with the view that IT has reduced the interaction between customers and cashiers, 17. 7% are indifferent to the question and 45. 4% disagreed with the view with a mean of 2. 15. 4. 7Effects of IT on cashiers’ work The rates at which cashiers in the banks attend to their customers depend on the equipment available for the cashiers to work with. From Table 8, 83. 1% agreed that computer speeds up cashiers' work, while 10% disagree and 6. 9% are indifferent. The mean of 3. 12 confirmed that IT/Computer really affect the rates at which cashiers’ attend to their customers. Generally, the use of electronic devices like compu ter telephone, facsimile, etc. will go a long way to increase the speed of the cashiers’ work. Table 8: Effects of IT on cashiers’ work Question SD Computers really speed up 2. 7 cashiers’ work D 7. N 6. 9 A 37. 3 SA 45. 8 The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. ejisdc. org Mean 3. 12 EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 6 4. 8 IT and bank’s productivity From Table 9, 81. 5% agreed that the use of IT increases bank productivity in that with the use of IT, the bank can attend to a lot of customers since IT speeds up cashiers' work. The mean of 2. 98 shows that IT has a positive effect on the growth and productivity of the banks. There is no bank that can make use of one or combination of two or more of the IT systems listed in Table 1, which will not have effects on the productivity of the bank.Table 9: IT and the productivity of the bank Question SD D IT increases the bank’s productivity 0 4. 6 5. N 13. 8 A 37. 3 SA 4 4. 2 Mean 2. 98 CONCLUSION The study has dealt with the effects of IT as perceived by customers on selected commercial banks in Nigeria, which make use of IT in their operation. The study revealed that IT has appreciable positive effects on the bank productivity, cashiers’ work, banking transaction, bank patronage, bank services delivery, customers services, and bank services.These affect the growth of the banking industry in Nigeria positively because customers can now collect money from any branches of their bank. Also customers do not need to move about with large sums of money, and customers are being attended to within a short period of time. The study also revealed that telephones, computer systems, LANs, and Facsimile services are available in nearly all the banks making using of IT in Nigeria while WANs (Wide Area Network), Electronic File Transfer, and wireless phones are available in some of the banks. This finding confirms Alu’s (2002) claims on the IT devic es available in Nigerian banks.Research has shown also that IT is really helping these banks, so other banks in Nigeria that are not making use of the IT are encouraged to do so. From the study, the major hindrance to the use of IT in the banking industry in Nigeria is inadequate electric power supply. Electricity supply is not regular because of the limitation of the machine that is supplying electricity to Nigeria. Furthermore, the Nigerian government is finding it difficult to equip the NEPA (National Electric Power Authority) while the demand for electricity is increasing daily.Therefore, the situation will continue to worsen until the Nigerian government funds NEPA appropriately. So, for this nation to be effective in the use of IT in the banking industry and to make the banking industry grow in an appropriate way, there is a need for the Nigerian government to find a solution to the epileptic supply of electricity throughout the country, since NEPA is owned by Nigerian governm ent and there is no private company in Nigeria that provides electricity. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 6. 7 REFERENCES Alu, A.O. (2000) Effects of Information Technology on Customer Services in the Banking Industry in Nigeria, M. B. A. Thesis in Management and Accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. Coombs, R. , Saviotti, P. and Walsh, V. (1987) Economics and Technological Change, Macmillan: London. Ige, O. (1995) Information Technology in a De-regulated Telecommunications Environment, Keynote address, INFOTECH 95. First International Conference on Information Technology Management, Lagos, November 16-17. Levitt, T. (1992) The Globalization of Markets, in: Transnational Management: Text, Cases and Readings in Cross-Border Management.Richard D. Irwin. Smith, Adam (1776): The Wealth of Nations Ugwu, L. O. (1999): Assessment of Impacts of Information Technology on Selected Service Indust ries in South Western Nigeria, MSc. Thesis in technology Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. APPENDIX Dear Respondent, This questionnaire is designed for a research work from the department of Management & Accounting, OAU, Ife. Please, FILL IN correct information, all the information will be treated confidentially and the information will be used for this research work only. Thanks. Please tick [ ] or fill where appropriate.SECTION A 1. Sex : A. MALE [ ] B. FEMALE [ ] 2. Age: A. 18-25 ( ) B. 26-35 ( ) C. 36- 45 ( ) D. 46 & above ( ) 3. Educational qualification: A. WASCE( ) B. OND/NCE( ) C. Bsc/BA( ) D. Msc/PhD( ) E. Others Specify †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4. For how long have you been using this bank? A. 0- 2yrs ( ) B. 3-5yrs ( ) C. 6- 8 ( ) D. 9 & above( ) 5. What type of account do you operate? A. Current( ) B. Savings( ) C. Others specify †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6. My Account here is mainly for A. Business( ) B. Salary( ) C . Others specify †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7. For how many hours do you spend on queue ? A.Less than1 ( ) B. 1-2 ( ) C. 3-4 ( ) D. 5 & above( ). The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. ejisdc. org EJISDC (2002) 10, 2, 1-8 8 SECTION B Strongly Disagree 1. 13. Agree IT increases bank productivity 15. Neutral IT/Computer is really helping this bank I don’t think IT has effect on the bank’s operation I enjoy prompt and efficient service delivery I will encourage my colleagues to patronize this bank IT does not increase prompt and efficient service delivery To save or withdraw money is time consuming I was once delayed in the bank ecause the computer was down IT makes enquiry about the state of my account faster IT/computer has a great positive impact on the growth of this bank IT/Computer has reduced the interaction of the Cashiers with customers IT/Computer encourages customers to patronize this bank Computer really speed up cashiers’ work IT improves transactions 14. Disagree There is a need to improve the services rendered by this bank 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, http://www. ejisdc. org Strongly Agree